How to write 500 word essay
9-1 Calculator Paper Topics
Sunday, August 23, 2020
The Power of Blogging :: Blogs Internet Technology Essays
The Power of Blogging Hello folks, Taking a shot at my exposition for my composing class. I can't consider what to compose. Any thoughts? If you don't mind remark with a few (proper!) recommendations. Sunday, October 03, 2004 Still don't have any smart thoughts for that article. Btw, every one of your proposals sucked; you folks truly let me down...j/k =)... Anyway, I contemplate journals. In any case, it appears to exhausting. Whatever, I will give it a shot and perceive how it goes. Monday, October 04, 2004 Paper on dairies isn't going well indeed. Tuesday, October 05, 2004 I abandon journals. They are excessively exhausting. I need another subject. What can I conceivable expound on? I can't discover anything worth saying, or can I? I have a thought... Thursday, October 07, 2004 What about this... The Blog Without a doubt, you have seen the inclination to blog that has cleared over the web and been instilled into the online culture. Odds are that you or one of your companions claims a LiveJournal or a Xanga . Would you be able to recall what number of companions you are associated with on the Facebook ? These days, our general public is increasingly more worried about protection; yet, for some odd reason, numerous individuals select to share their own contemplations in a blog as opposed to keeping them hidden in a journal. Numerous youngsters (since they have this time and nothing to do with it) keep individual web journals and expound on their everyday encounters, grumblings, and (possibly) quick musings. Here and there, there are sonnets, exposition, melodies, and that's only the tip of the iceberg. In any case, what makes blogging really progressive is permitting perusers to contribute and to remark. A Fad? From the outset, blogging appears the most recent craze; it is the cool activity, since every other person is doing it. All your blogger companions are having a ton of fun, and since you would not like to be forgotten about, you simply needed to begin one as well. In any case, if blogging were only a craze, individuals would quit doing it similarly as fast as they began (just like the case for the attempted it-once-and-that-was-it sort of trend). In the long run, everybody would quit refreshing, and web journals would get wiped out. Rather, there is an ever-developing, gave following of no-nonsense refreshing day by day bloggers.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Sop for Masters in Vlsi Essay Example
Sop for Masters in Vlsi Essay I need to seek after a MS degree in Electrical Computer Engineering with a specialization in computerized VLSI plan as it will assist me with understanding my objective of turning into a chip configuration engineer with the adaptability to deal with front-end and back-end VLSI structures sooner rather than later. I am energetic about enhancing superior and low force VLSI frameworks and discover the procedure associated with creating new computerized rationale strategies to be very testing and satisfying. My under-graduate program in Electronics Communication at Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad secured different center subjects to be specific VLSI Design, Electronic Devices Circuits, Pulse Digital Circuits, Microprocessors Microcontrollers and so forth. This was related to the lab seminars on Digital Signal Processing, Analog Digital IC applications and Microprocessors Microcontrollers. Moreover, the work I did during the senior year in structuring reproducing the simple and computerized coordinated circuits utilizing Pspice and Xilinx ISE programming furnished me with a decent review of VLSI plan, blend and execution forms. The very much idea out course structure empowered the smooth change among hypothetical and down to earth courses and helped me score 72. 54 % with unique excellence. The abilities that I have grown so far have propelled me to take a shot at a venture that underscored the significance of advanced VLSI in the development of memory chips and microcontrollers. We will compose a custom exposition test on Sop for Masters in Vlsi explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Sop for Masters in Vlsi explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Sop for Masters in Vlsi explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Our group effectively executed the significant task ââ¬Å"Aid for dazzle individuals utilizing picture processingâ⬠which included building up an exploring help utilizing elements of OpenCV library for constant picture preparing. With the recognition picked up on microcontroller engineering and its interfacing with different modules, for example, console, USART utilizing low level computing construct and C programming in keil, we interfaced the 32-piece ARM9 with LCD show, Analog-to Digital-to-Analog Converters, Universal Serial Bus, UART and RS232 sequential port. As the venture group pioneer, my essential assignment was to structure a 6 layer printed circuit board for 32-piece ARM9 microcontroller utilizing Cadence. With my undertaking advisorââ¬â¢s help with format directing methods for rapid structure, I prevailing with regards to lessening the commotion somewhat (lt; 20dB) and crosstalk by doling out isolated ground planes under the simple advanced parcels and expanding the separation between equal follows diminishing the separation among follow and ground plane. Aside from furnishing me with the cooperation aptitudes and hands-on involvement with physical plan mechanization, the task work additionally uncovered the holes in my insight in the space of cutting edge VLSI structure ideas, for example, Design strategies - programmable rationale gadgets (PLDs) like FPGAs, Complex PLDs; standard cell, full-specially crafts; CMOS/BiCMOS advancements their format methods their job in the improvement of high commotion resistant low force VLSI circuits and Physical Design Automation. The VLSI Design, Design Analysis of Digital Integrated Circuits, VLSI Architecture courses educated at the **** University spread numerous themes that help address the holes in territories where I do not have the vital aptitude. The alumni studies would likewise give me more introduction and more noteworthy comprehension of points like Digital Application Specific Integrated Circuits Design, Reconfigurable processing including Field Programmable Gate Arrays and System on Chip (SoC) structure. An exhaustive information on these specific points would assist me with pursueing my quick profession objective of turning into a back-end configuration engineer taking a shot at physical VLSI structure and computerized timing control rationale plans. I pick **** University as my ideal goal for seeking after alumni contemplates in view of its superb top to bottom course structure and arrangement of my expert advantages in regions of computerized front-end and back-end plans of CMOS based superior and low force VLSI with the work being carried on in the fields, for example, Digital CMOS structure, Physical Design Automation, High Speed Digital Systems. The examination action at **** Lab on Low-force and High-speed VLSI structure and Physical CAD devices will assist me with concentrating inside and out the plan of Low force High execution VLSI frameworks and Physical Design Automation. The propelled abilities I would get here would give me the aptitude to satisfy my vocation yearnings. I am certain that the firm establishing I have gotten so far in ideas of microcontroller engineering and VLSI configuration would assist me with being effective in masterââ¬â¢s program in Electrical Computer Engineering at **** University.
Friday, August 21, 2020
Medea Study guide character analysis Essays
Medea Study manage character examination Essays Medea Study manage character examination Essay Medea Study control character investigation Essay Article Topic: Medea Dissecting Character, strife, and subject in an emotional work. Medea By: YourNekoKittyCat Yellow Who is the hero? What attributes make that person complex-round and dynamic? Answer: Medea is the hero, from the start she was infatuated with Jason, he before long left her heart broken; chosing insatiability over the young lady who spared his life twice. After that Medea got dismal, it would develop within her, as she needed vengeance to an ever increasing extent, each passing second was Just another idea about her scorn for Jason. Who is the opponent? What is her or her inspiration? Is the enemy complex? Answer: Jason is the foe, his inspiration was cash, force, and acclaim. He changes some of the time, being unscrupulous as in the story he said Do you believe that Ive lost intrest in you, Medea, or that I truly care such a great amount about the pincess? Hogwash! at that point saying Its past the point of no return for all that, presently that youve infuriated King Creon. After Medea was cooperating. Another way he is mind boggling or a hero is Medea aved him, and he was greatful, potentially infatuated even, at that point discarding her after and before long disdaining her. - Who are the level or static characters? How would you know? Answer: There are a couple of level/static characters, some of them are the Nurse, she kept on dealing with Medea even as she got malevolent. Another would be the three ladies, they remained with Medea the entire time practically like back up. The coach remained the equivalent, as did Medeas children and the detachment.
Tycho Brahe Essays - Copernican Revolution, Tycho Brahe,
Tycho Brahe Tycho Brahe Tyge (Latinized as Tycho) Brahe was conceived on 14 December 1546 in Skane, at that point in Denmark, presently in Sweden. He was the oldest child of Otto Brahe and Beatte Bille, both from families in the high honorability of Denmark. He was raised by his fatherly uncle J?rgen Brahe and turned into his beneficiary. He went to the colleges of Copenhagen and Leipzig, and afterward went through the German locale, concentrating further at the colleges of Wittenberg, Rostock, and Basel. During this period his enthusiasm for speculative chemistry and space science was excited, and he purchased a few galactic instruments. In 1572 Tycho watched the new star in Cassiopeia and distributed a concise tract about it the next year. In 1574 he gave a course of talks on stargazing at the University of Copenhagen. He was presently persuaded that the improvement of stargazing depended on precise perceptions. After another voyage through Germany, where he visited stargazers, Tycho acknowledged a proposal from the King Frederick II to support an observatory. He was given the little island of Hven in the Sont close to Copenhagen, and there he constructed his observatory, Uraniburg, which turned into the best observatory in Europe. Tycho planned and constructed new instruments, aligned them, and organized daily perceptions. He likewise ran his own print machine. The observatory was visited by numerous researchers, and Tycho prepared an age of youthful space experts there in the specialty of watching. After a dropping out with King Christian IV, Tycho got together his instruments and books in 1597 and left Denmark. Subsequent to voyaging quite a while, he settled in Prague in 1599 as the Imperial Mathematician at the court of Emperor Rudolph II. He passed on there in 1601. His instruments were put away and in the long run lost. Tycho Brahe's commitments to cosmology were gigantic. He not just planned and assembled instruments, he likewise aligned them and checked their exactness intermittently. He along these lines altered galactic instrumentation. He additionally changed observational practice significantly. Though prior space experts had been substance to watch the places of planets and the Moon at certain sig nificant purposes of their circles. Tycho and his cast of colleagues watched these bodies all through their circles. Thus, various orbital peculiarities never before saw were made unequivocal by Tycho. Without these total arrangement of perceptions of uncommon exactness, Kepler couldn't have found that planets move in circular circles. Tycho was additionally the main space expert to make remedies for air refraction*. When all is said in done, though past space experts mentioned objective facts precise to maybe 15 bend minutes, those of Tycho were precise to maybe 2 circular segment minutes, and it has been demonstrated that his best perceptions were precise to about a large portion of a circular segment minute. Tycho's perceptions of the new star of 1572 and comet of 1577, and his distributions on these wonders, were instrumental in building up the way that these bodies were over the Moon and that along these lines the sky were not permanent as Aristotle had contended rationalists despite everything accepted. The sky were alterable and consequently the Aristotelian division between the brilliant and natural areas went under assault (see, for example, Galileo's Dialog) and was in the long run dropped. Further, if comets were in the sky, they traveled through the sky. Up to now it had been accepted that planets were carried on material circles (round shells) that fit firmly around one another. Tycho's perceptions indicated that this plan was incomprehensible in light of the fact that comets traveled through these circles. Heavenly circles grew dim of presence somewhere in the range of 1575 and 1625. Tycho built up a framework that consolidated the best of the two universes. He kept the Earth in the focal point of the universe, with the goal that he could hold Aristotelian material science The Moon and Sun rotated about the Earth, and the shell of the fixed stars was focused on the Earth. In any case, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn spun about the Sun. He put the (roundabout) way of the comet of 1577 among Venus and Mars. This Tychonic world framework got famous right off the bat in the seventeenth century among the individuals who felt compelled to dismiss the Ptolemaic course of action of the planets (where the Earth was the focal point everything being equal) yet who, for different reasons, couldn't acknowledge the Copernican other option. Tycho's significant works incorporate De Nova et Nullius Aevi Memoria Prius Visa Stella (On the New and Never
Friday, July 10, 2020
Writing Research Papers - Tips and Techniques
Writing Research Papers - Tips and TechniquesA good way to get started in writing research papers is to research the subject matter. How do you go about doing this? There are many ways to get started and I will discuss a few. The first step in researching is to set up a research site.First, you need to write up a report of some kind. This could be an academic paper, a business paper, a report, or anything else. Next, you need to write a topic. One way to find topics to write on is to simply look at what is already being written on a topic. You can also ask friends and family to write on topics that they know.The next step is to write your research paper. For me, my research papers are all about the same thing - weight loss. I don't write on everything I write on, but I always have a few issues or ideas for the paper in mind. In the beginning, you don't want to go too far off of the topic you are researching because that will make your writing too academic.Once you've written your res earch paper, you will have to develop a story about the subject you are researching. It might seem easy to just come up with a few paragraphs or so and then tell a story, but it's not that easy. You have to come up with a story that will help the reader to understand the topic. You might want to write down a few ideas for the story because they are like plot points that make up the entire story.Finally, you will now have to write your research paper. At this point, you will probably know exactly what the project is about. Then you need to begin writing. Keep in mind that you should get as much information as possible from each source and that you shouldn't necessarily rely on one source to make everything fit together.The last step in writing a research project is to edit your paper. The reason why I recommend that you put down some research before writing is because it helps you understand the flow of the paper better. Also, if you do happen to forget a name or information, you can always go back and look it up later and do it again.When you finish your research, it's a good idea to send it out for feedback. This will allow you to see how other people read it and also allow you to make any changes that you may want to make. Once you have all the work done, you will be able to make it come out as the best project you can.
Thursday, July 2, 2020
National Merit Semifinalist Cutoffs Class of 2021
Each year, Compass produces extensive research on National Merit Semifinalist and Commended Student cutoffs and spends time clearing up the many misconceptions that arise. The unusual scales seen this year have provided a new angle for analysis and are discussed below. At this point in the year, students are advised to consider a range of possible cutoffs rather than guessing a single number. The precise cutoffs will not be released until September 2020. If you would like to find out more about the National Merit process such as how to calculate the Selection Index, how notification works, how many students reach each level, and what comes after Semifinalist, we recommend our National Merit FAQ. We also provide an archive of the class of 2020 results. StateClass of 2021 (Most Likely)Class of 2021 (Est. Range)Class of 2020 (Actual)Class of 2019 (Actual)Class of 2018 (Actual)Class of 2017 (Actual)Typical # of NMSFSize Category Alabama216214ââ¬â218216216216215225Medium Alaska213212ââ¬â21721321521721340Small Arizona219217ââ¬â221219220220219300Medium Arkansas214211ââ¬â216214214215213140Medium California222220ââ¬â2232222232222212,150Large Colorado220218ââ¬â222220221220218245Medium Connecticut221219ââ¬â 223221222221220190Medium Delaware220218ââ¬â22222022222121845Small District of Columbia223221ââ¬â22422322322322245Small Florida219217ââ¬â221219219219217840Large Georgia220218ââ¬â222220220220219460Large Hawaii219217ââ¬â22121922022021760Small Idaho215213ââ¬â21721521421621485Small Illinois221219ââ¬â222221221221219725Large Indiana218216ââ¬â220218219219217325Large Iowa215213ââ¬â217215216216215160Medium Kansas218216ââ¬â220218218219217150Medium Kentucky217215ââ¬â219217218217215225Medium Louisiana215213ââ¬â217215217216214210Medium Maine215213ââ¬â21721521721521470Small Maryland222220ââ¬â223222223222221315Medium Massachusetts223221ââ¬â224223223222222360Large Michigan219217ââ¬â221219219219216550Large Minnesota219217ââ¬â221219220220219300Medium Mississippi214212ââ¬â216214215213212135Medium Missouri217215ââ¬â219217217217216335Large Montana213211ââ¬â21521421421421050Small Nebraska216214ââ¬â218216216215215100Small Nevada217215ââ¬â219218218217214110Small New Hampshire218216ââ¬â22021821921721675Small New Jersey223221ââ¬â224223223223222530Large New Mexico213211ââ¬â21521321521521395Small New York221219ââ¬â222221221221219960Large North Carolina219217ââ¬â221219220219218490Large North Dakota212209ââ¬â21421221221120930Small Ohio218216ââ¬â220218219219217620Large Oklahoma214212ââ¬â216214215216213170Medium Oregon220218ââ¬â222220221220219170Medium Pennsylvania220218ââ¬â221220220219218720Large Rhode Island218216ââ¬â22021822021621755Small South Carolina215213ââ¬â217215216217215210Medium South Dakota213209ââ¬â21621421521520945Small Tennessee219216ââ¬â220219219218218315Medium Texas221219ââ¬â2232212212212201,450Large Utah215213ââ¬â217215215216215155Medium Vermont216214ââ¬â21821621621721535Small Virginia222220ââ¬â223222222222221385Large Washington221219ââ¬â223221222222220300Large West Virginia212209ââ¬â21421221221120975Small Wisconsin216214ââ¬â218216216217215320Large Wyoming212209ââ¬â21421221221320925Small ââ¬â¹U.S. Territories212209ââ¬â214212212211209 ââ¬â¹U.S. Abroad223221ââ¬â224223223223222 ââ¬â¹Ã¢â¬â¹Commended212209ââ¬â214212212211209 We have provided a column with our Most Likely cutoff estimate because students and parents expect a number, but the more informative column is the Estimated Range. Most cutoffs will fall in this range. The edges of the range may be less likely, but they remain possibilities. In most years, there are a handful of states that fall outside of these ranges. These are generally smaller states. Eligible juniors with Selection Indexes at or above the official cutoffs will be named as Semifinalists. The cutoffs above are currently estimates. We will not have official cutoffs until August or September of 2020. Why do we emphasize ranges? The only predictable thing is unpredictability. Over the last 12 years, cutoff changes have shown a roughly normal distribution. The catch is that there is no way of predicting where on the curve an individual state will fall, as College Board no longer releases any state data. Compass has also found that there is a wider spread of cutoff changes in smaller states (defined as the 16 states with the lowest number of Semifinalists). The chart demonstrates two things. First, we cant be assured that any estimate of a cutoff will be correct. There are always changes in the mix (some years more than others). Second, the best estimate is no change. In most cases, our Most Likely estimate is simply the cutoff for the class of 2020. Where we feel the class of 2020 figure is out of line with historical data, we have adjusted the Most Likely. The PSAT was completely overhauled in 2015. Compass developed its own linking formula to compare scores across the old and new PSATs, but we can also focus on the new PSAT by itself. We are only dealing with four sets of year-over-year changes, but the general principles still hold. On average, about 60% of cutoffs hold fast or go down. A given year, though, is rarely average. Below is a chart showing the number of state cutoffs that have gone up, remain unchanged, or gone down in each year. The class of 2018 saw increases in 46 states; the class of 2020 saw an increase in 1 state! Which kind of year do we expect for the class of 2021? Thats what the discussion revolves around for the next nine months. Everything we think percentiles tell us about National Merit is wrong. College Boards percentile reporting falls somewhere between misleading and wrong. First, the percentiles prominent on students PSAT reports are for a Nationally Representative Sample. The sample reflects the hypothetical results if every student in a class year took the PSAT. The College Board also reports the PSAT/NMSQT User percentiles (found only on a students online report or in Understanding the PSAT/NMSQT) based on students who have actually taken the PSAT. These figures are lower than the Nationally Representative figures, since the PSAT-taking group has a higher proportion of college-bound students. However, the User percentiles are for the class years of 2018, 2019, and 2020 and not for the class of 2021. The percentiles reported by College Board do not reflect the results of a single student who took the October 2019 PSATs. We could also quibble about the fact that percentiles are rounded or that not all test-takers are eligible for National Merit or that no percentiles are provided for the Selection Index, but the fact that percentiles are not shaped in any way by student results from this years PSATs immediately disqualifies them from consideration. Will the harsh scales alter the Semifinalist cutoffs? Students missing a single question have always scored high enough to be Semifinalists, and that will be true again this year. On some test forms, just two missed questions has been able to take a student below the cutoff in the most competitive states. The table below shows the impact of two incorrect answers on a students Selection Index for the 2018 and 2019 PSATs. The PSAT is given on a primary date and an alternate date each year. Anywhere from 80ââ¬â90% of students test on the primary Wednesday date.à Comparing the impact of incorrect answers on Selection Index across test forms Reading Writing MathOct 16, 2019 (Primary)Oct 30, 2019 (Alternate)Oct 10, 2018 (Primary)Oct 24, 2018 (Alternate) -10-1222225225219 0-1-1224223227219 -1-10222222226220 -200222224226222 0-20222220226222 00-2225226226219 In college admission, the difference on the SAT between a 730 ERW and a 740 ERW is trivial. On the all-or-nothing PSAT/NMSQT, however, small changes can prove significant. The Semifinalist cutoff for New Jersey was 223 last year. Even with a perfect Math score, a student would have still needed an ERW score of 740 or better to be named a Semifinalist. The ERW score receives twice the weight of the Math score, so errors can prove costly. Why do test scales vary? In theory, a more challenging scale exists only to offset an easier test. The scaling done on the PSAT is different from what a classroom teacher might do to determine that a certain percentage of students will receive As, a certain percentage will receive Bs, and so on. PSAT scaling is designed to take into account the small differences in difficulty between test forms. In recent years, however, we have seen large swings in test difficulty on both the SAT and PSAT. Last years alternate date PSAT saw an historically easy Math section and correspondingly harsh scale. While this years scales arent quite as bad as the October 24, 2018 scale, they are steeper than usual. The steep dropparticularly at the high end of the scale and particularly on the ERWmay end up lowering cutoffs for the class of 2021. As more data becomes available, we expect to better test this thesis. The impact is more likely to be seen on the highest cutoffs. By the time scores reach the expected Commended range, sc ale fluctuations tend to be less important. Have things always been this bad? No. Two trends have created the knifes edge we saw last year and expect to see again this year. Elite students are stronger testers than they were a decade ago, and changes to the PSAT have made the test easier. On the 2008 PSAT, a California Semifinalist could have missed 8 or 9 questions. On the October 24, 2018 PSAT, a student would have needed to miss no more than a single question. We dont yet know, of course, how students will fare this year. Why do states have such different cutoffs? Cutoffs vary across the country because the 16,000 Semifinalists are allocated proportionally to states based on the total number of 11th graders in each state. A stateââ¬â¢s cutoff is derived by finding the score that will produce, as closely as possible, the targeted number of Semifinalists. Students in any given state are competing only against fellow residents. The test is national; the competition is local. Boarding school students are a special case and must meet the highest state cutoff in their region. What about the Commended cutoff? The Commended student cutoff is set nationally, so it is the same for all participants. It has been pushed upward in recent years by an increasing number of students scoring above 1400 (the only scoring data released directly by College Board). That change leveled off last year. We have yet to see the data for the class of 2021. Where can I learn more? We regularly update this page and try to answer all questions in the comments. Our National Merit FAQ has the most detailed explanations on the steps in the National Merit Scholarship Program.
Wednesday, May 20, 2020
Predator Drones and Other Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
The Predator is a nickname given to one in a series of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or pilotless drones, operated by the Pentagon, the CIA and, increasingly, other agencies of the U.S. federal government such as the border patrol. Combat-ready UAVs are used mostly in the Middle East. The UAVs are equipped with sensitive camera and spying equipment that provides real-time reconnaissance or intelligence. It can be equipped with laser-guided missiles and bombs. The drones are used with increasing frequency in Afghanistan, Pakistans tribal areas and in Iraq. The Predator, officially identified as the Predator MQ-1, was the first--and remains the most commonly used--pilotless drone in combat operations in the Balkans, Southwest Asia, and the Middle East since its first flight in 1995. By 2003, the Pentagon had about 90 UAVs in its arsenal. Its unclear how many UAVs were in the CIAs possession. Many were and still are. The fleets are growing. The Predator itself has already entered the gallery of American lore. Advantages of UAVs Unmanned aerial vehicles, or UAVs, are smaller than jet aircraft, less expensive, and dont put pilots at risk when they crash. At about $22 million apiece for next-generation UAVs (the so-called Reaper and Sky Warrior), the drones are increasingly a weapon of choice for military planners. The Obama administrations 2010 military budget includes approximately $3.5 billion for UAVs. In comparison, the Pentagon is paying more than $100 million apiece for its next-generation fighter jets, the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (the Pentagon plans to buy 2,443 for $300 billion. While UAVs require considerable ground-based logistical support, they can be piloted by individuals specifically trained to fly UAVs rather than by pilots. Training for UAVs is less expensive and exacting than for jets. Disadvantages of UAVs The Predator has been publicly praised by the Pentagon as a versatile and low-risk means of gathering intelligence and striking targets. But an internal Pentagon report completed in October 2001 concluded that tests conducted in 2000 found that the Predator performed well only in daylight and in clear weather, according to the New York Times. It broke down too often, could not stay over targets as long as expected, often lost communication links in the rain and was hard to operate, the report said. According to the Project on Government Oversight, the Predator cannot be launched in adverse weather, including any visible moisture such as rain, snow, ice, frost or fog; nor can it take off or land in crosswinds of greater than 17 knots. By 2002, more than 40% of the Pentagons original fleet of Predators had crashed or been lost, in more than half those cases due to mechanical failure. The drones cameras are unreliable. Further, PGO concluded, Because it cannot evade radar detection, flies slow, is noisy, and must often hover at relatively low altitudes, the Predator is vulnerable to being shot down by enemy fire. In fact, an estimated 11 of the 25 Predators destroyed in crashes reportedly were caused by enemy ground fire or missiles. The drones do put people on the ground at risk when the planes malfunction and crash, which they do, and when they fire their missiles, often at the wrong targets). UAVs Uses In 2009, Federal Customs and Border Protection launched UAVs from an Air Force base in Fargo, N.D., to patrol the border between the United States and Canada. The first flight of the Predator in Afghanistan took place on Sept. 7, 2000. Several times it had Osama bin Laden in its sights, its weapons ready to fire. Then-CIA Director George Tenet refused to authorize the strikes either for fear of killing civilians or of the political fallout from a missile that didnt hit its target. Various Types of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles The Predator B, or MQ-9 Reaper, for example, a turboprop drone built by General Dynamics subsidiary General Atomics Aeronautical Systems Inc., can fly at 50,000 feet for up to 30 hours on a single fueling (its fuel tanks have a 4,000-lb. capacity). It can cruise at a maximum speed of 240 miles per hour and carry almost 4,000 pounds of laser-guided bombs, missiles, and other ordnance. The Sky Warrior is smaller, with a weapons payload of four Hellfire missiles. It can fly at a maximum of 29,000 feet and at 150 miles per hour, for 30 hours on a single fuel tank. Northrop Grumman is developing the RQ-4 Global Hawk UAV. The plane, which completed its first flight in March 2007, has a wingspan of 116 feet (about half that of a Boeing 747), a payload of 2,000 pounds and can fly at a maximum altitude of 65,000 feet and at more than 300 miles per hour. It can cruise between 24 and 35 hours on one tank of fuel. An earlier version of the Global Hawk was approved for use in Afghanistan as far back as 2001. Insitu Inc., a Boeing subsidiary, also builds UAVs. Its ScanEagle is an extremely small flying machine noted for its stealthiness. It has a wingspan of 10.2 feet and is 4.5 feet long, with a maximum weight of 44 pounds. It can fly at an altitude of up to 19,000 feet for more than 24 hours. Chang Industry, Inc., of La Verne, Calif., markets a five-pound aircraft with a four-foot wing and a unit cost of $5,000.
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